Links Used for Diagrams
https://www.flickr.com/photos/seta666/8597738461
http://slideplayer.us/slide/1470776/
http://medicaledu.com/maggots.htm
http://davealmquist.blogspot.com.au/
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/p5178e/p5178e02.htm
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_insects/InsectMouth.htm
http://www.gingin.wa.gov.au/
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/
Extra Reading
Mouthparts of Diptera
Author: Giancarlo Dessì
Website: http://www.giand.it/diptera/
(License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)
A part from heterogeneity of mouthparts of Diptera, the basic differences from the chewing type are the following:
The shape of epipharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and hypopharynx is usually narrow and less or more elongated. In piercing mouthparts they are called also stylets. The labium is more developed and concave in the dorsal side, so it can allow the stylets. Due its form, the labium is usually called proboscis.
Labrum and epipharynx
The labrum is a region derived from preoral somites, but in Diptera it takes part of mouthparts. From frontal view it appears as a sclerite more or less elongated. In lower Diptera it connects to clypeus by the clypeolabral suture, in higher Diptera by a membrane more or less wide, called clypeolabral membrane. The internal side of labrum is calledepipharynx, term used to indicate the first unpaired appendage of mouthparts. The lateral edges of epipharynx are revolute and extend laterally, so they form a concave surface that close part of the food canalat the dorsal and lateral sides.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/seta666/8597738461
http://slideplayer.us/slide/1470776/
http://medicaledu.com/maggots.htm
http://davealmquist.blogspot.com.au/
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/p5178e/p5178e02.htm
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_insects/InsectMouth.htm
http://www.gingin.wa.gov.au/
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/
Extra Reading
Mouthparts of Diptera
Author: Giancarlo Dessì
Website: http://www.giand.it/diptera/
(License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)
A part from heterogeneity of mouthparts of Diptera, the basic differences from the chewing type are the following:
- loss of primitive functions in collecting and crushing solid food;
- adaptation of the pharynx and muscular system to improve the sucking function by a structure called cibarial pump, placed before the pharyngeal pump;
- structural reduction of mandibles and maxillae to complete atrophy;
- structural and morphological modification of the labium, by the loss or the strong reduction of some sclerites, except to prementum and palpi;
- anatomical and morphological adaptation of the palpi to licking function or some gnathites to piercing function;
- structural and functional involvement of clypeolabral region in the mouthparts;
- development of the hypopharynx.
The shape of epipharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and hypopharynx is usually narrow and less or more elongated. In piercing mouthparts they are called also stylets. The labium is more developed and concave in the dorsal side, so it can allow the stylets. Due its form, the labium is usually called proboscis.
Labrum and epipharynx
The labrum is a region derived from preoral somites, but in Diptera it takes part of mouthparts. From frontal view it appears as a sclerite more or less elongated. In lower Diptera it connects to clypeus by the clypeolabral suture, in higher Diptera by a membrane more or less wide, called clypeolabral membrane. The internal side of labrum is calledepipharynx, term used to indicate the first unpaired appendage of mouthparts. The lateral edges of epipharynx are revolute and extend laterally, so they form a concave surface that close part of the food canalat the dorsal and lateral sides.